Papyrus Bio Blog

Methionine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is essential in humans. While it’s one of the rarest amino acids in proteins, its importance cannot be overstated as it is used in a range of biological processes including metal coordination, antioxidant stress, and aging. Despite its importance, it has not seen nearly as much attention as the other sulfur-containing amino acid, cysteine. Luckily, in recent years, new methionine selective bioconjugation methods have been developed, allowing for insight into its activity in the body. 

Some examples of methionine selective bioconjugation methods include conjugation to antibodies via ReACT chemistry, conjugation to polymers using Poly-MPC chemistry, and passive bioconjugation to citrate capped surfaces.

Related articles:

• Want to learn techniques for bioconjugation to carbon nanotubes?
• Learn about common problems with protein bioconjugation in this article.

Reasons for Methionine Selective Bioconjugation of Proteins

Since methionine is so rare in proteins, bioconjugation is an excellent strategy to understand its activity in the body. The uniqueness of methionine also makes it an excellent target for studies on methionine-containing proteins. Bioconjugation is a technique to couple a biomolecule to another molecule. By coupling methionine-containing proteins to other molecules, you can gain access to a range of uses. Tryptophan is another excellent amino acid that you can use for bioconjugation because it’s not typically available on protein surfaces. Take a look at our companion article on tryptophan bioconjugation techniques.

There are many reasons why a scientist may want to bioconjugate to methionine containing proteins including: antibody studies, creation of novel biomaterials using polymers, surface binding in biosensors, and protein-DNA bioconjugates for genetic studies.

Related articles:

• DNA bioconjugation techniques and applications can be explored further in this article

Bioconjugation of Methionine-Containing Proteins to Antibodies

Methionine-containing proteins bioconjugated to antibodies have been used in immune studies. Many antibodies contain multiple surface lysines for conjugation meaning that there is often low specificity, while methionine offers a more specific target. Recent studies have shown that specific methionine-containing protein bioconjugation with antibodies can be used for fluorescence studies, affinity labels, and more. If you are interested in lysine conjugation protocols, read our related article.

Antibodies can be easily attached to other biomolecules like proteins, polymers, and carbohydrates using amines, carboxyls, and even thiols. Use these antibody conjugation kits to attach antibodies with other biomolecules.

For example, in this study, the authors managed to bioconjugate the methionine residue of a modified antibody to green fluorescent protein (GFP) using the ReACT method (which is discussed later in this article). GFP is used in fluorescence microscopy. By tagging the antibody with GFP, the authors would allow it to be detected and monitored using fluorescence microscopy. The authors noted that this strategy was potentially valuable because it did not result in any background labeling of wild-type antibodies. 

We’ve discussed more protein protein conjugation techniques in a different article.

Bioconjugation of Methionine-Containing Proteins to Polymers

The use of polymer bioconjugates has seen increasing use in the last two decades. The bioconjugation of proteins to polymers can allow for them to be fixed in place for further modifications or to act as reaction sites for further reactions. This bioconjugation can be passive or active, using passive forces or covalent reactions, respectively. 

The authors of this study used poly-MPC chemistry to bioconjugate a phospholipid polymer to a protein while maintaining the conformation of the protein. MPC polymers have seen use in artificial hip joints as a boundary lubricant. In this case, the authors wanted to further study its usefulness as a stabilization material for proteins via bioconjugation.  Methionine residues on the protein are reacted with MPC to activate them and then bound to the phospholipid. The conformation of the protein was not affected by binding it to the polymer. The authors found that the conformation was preserved even under heat-quenching stress. 

We’ve discussed other site-selective protein modification techniques, such as tyrosine bioconjugation, in other articles.

Bioconjugation of Methionine-Containing Proteins to Surfaces

The bioconjugation of proteins to surfaces allows for the development of new assays and potential biosensors. As methionine is specific to certain proteins, methionine-containing proteins can be selectively bound to nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can have different properties such as magnetism or electrostatic properties that can be manipulated to interact with the protein in-situ.

We’ve discussed bioconjugation to surfaces in more detail, in a separate article.

Methionine Assay – How to Detect Methionine Amino Acids in a Protein

Many methionine residues on a protein are hidden within the structure and are therefore inaccessible for bioconjugation reactions. This makes it difficult to target specific proteins without knowing whether they have accessible methionine residues. Sadly, no rapid method for detecting accessible methionine residues in proteins exists. 

Methionine assay methods include computation modeling and quantification of methionine sulfoxide using isotopic labeling of unoxidized methionine residues.

Some studies have used computational modeling to determine the number of accessible methionine sites. The authors used software called MODELLER and protein data bank data for an antibody as the template. The software allowed the authors to generate models of the antibody and look at the spatial restraints on each methionine. This is very efficient in terms of resources but requires you to have access to an already modeled protein to perform the computational studies. 

Several other studies (for example this, and this) have instead been able to quantify the oxidized methionine residue, methionine sulfoxide. Methionine is subject to reversible oxidation and reduction, so in theory, if you can quantify the methionine sulfoxide instead, you will have an idea of the accessible sites. Their method involved the isotopic labeling of unoxidized methionine residues with ¹⁸O hydrogen peroxide, then using LC-MS/MS to measure the ratio of ¹⁸O to ¹⁶O.

Different Methods for Methionine Selective Bioconjugation

There is a range of different methods available for the selective bioconjugation of methionine to different targets. 

Methods for methionine selective bioconjugation include selective bioconjugation of methionine to antibodies using ReACT reactions of the sulfur groups, MPC chemistry for bioconjugation to a polymer, and bioconjugation to surfaces using self-assembly reactions.

We’ve discussed more orthogonal bioconjugation techniques in a separate article.

Method for Selective Bioconjugation of a Methionine-Containing Protein to an Antibody

A novel method called the ReACT (redox activated chemical tagging) strategy allows for the selective bioconjugation of methionine proteins to an antibody. 

Step 1. Collect the necessary materials.

You’ll need your methionine-containing protein, an antibody (or antibody fragment) functionalized with oxaziridine groups, and methanol. 

Step 2. Add your protein and antibody together in methanol.

Carefully add the protein and antibody together in methanol. Stir gently. 

Step 3. Monitor the reaction progress using NMR.

You can monitor the progress of the reaction by detecting the chemical shift of the methionine methyl group. 

Step 4. Once the reaction has gone to completion, you will have your bioconjugated protein and antibody.

They will be fairly resistant to acidic and basic conditions, but you’ll need to keep them cool to ensure their stability. 

Method 2. Methionine Bioconjugation of a Protein to a Polymer

Polymer materials can be designed with functionalized surfaces that allow them to be conjugated to a target such as a protein. For this method, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) functionalized polymers are used to bioconjugate to bovine serum albumin (BSA). 

Polymers can be conjugated to proteins and antibodies using a range of functional groups such as amines, carboxyls, or thiols. Explore conjugation kits for polymers, proteins, and antibodies, here.

Step 1. Prepare an MPC functionalized polymer.

Several methods are available online, such as this one.

Step 2. Add your MPC-polymer to a solution containing your target protein.

Your BSA should be stabilized in a phosphate buffer solution. Add the MPC polymer directly to the solution

Step 3. Incubate the reaction for 1 hour.

The incubation should be at room temperature. 

Step 4. Lypophilize your conjugate

This will ensure the stability of the protein-polymer conjugate for further studies. 

Method 3. Methionine Bioconjugation of a Protein to a Surface

Sigma-Aldrich offers a method for the bioconjugation of the surface of iron nanoparticles to a methionine-containing protein. 

Step 1. Gather your reagents, iron nanoparticles, and protein.

You’ll need amine-functionalized nanoparticles, a protein presenting free thiol groups from methionine residues, Sulfo-SMCC, mercaptosuccinic acid, and a PBS Buffer.

Step 2. Add your nanoparticles and sulfo-SMCC into a sample tube containing the PBS buffer.

Your reaction mixture needs to be buffered to ensure that the reaction has the highest possible yield. 

Step 3. Stir the mixture for 1 hour.

The iron nanoparticles need time to react with the sulfo-SMCC.

Step 4. Add your target protein to the activated iron nanoparticles. Allow the mixture to stir for 4 hours.

Allow the reaction to proceed at room temperature for 4 hours.

Step 5. Add mercaptosuccinic acid to quench the reaction.

After 4 hours the reaction will need to be quenched to ensure the stability of the bioconjugate. 

Step 6. Purify your nanoparticles using a centrifuge.

Centrifuge the particles and remove the supernatant. Resuspend them in PBS to act as a storage buffer. They can be stored in a refrigerator to improve their longevity.

Commercially Available Methionine Bioconjugation Reagents

Supplier	How does the reagent work	Price in USD
Sigma-Aldrich Sulfo-MCC	See method 3 above.	$294 for 50 mg of sulfo-SMCC
Thermo-Fisher L-photo-methionine	Incorporated into proteins during synthesis then activated for conjugation reactions.	$426 for 100 mg of L-Photo-Methionine
Click Chemistry Tools AHA	Feed to cultured cells and incorporated into proteins. Allows for in-cell labeling.	$115 for 25 mg of AHA